Therefore, the genetically encoded wiring scheme of the nervous system must be altered. Following development, when the nervous system first encounters environmental sensory input, it is crucial for the survival of an animal to adapt to the actual conditions and cues. The ground pattern of the central nervous system is genetically encoded. Considering that the mushroom bodies are linked to learning and memory, neurogenesis in the mushroom bodies is part of the remodelling of neuronal circuits leading to the adaption to the environment and optimization of behaviour. Our results suggest that the generation of Kenyon cells during the first three days after adult eclosion is mainly genetically predetermined and a continuation of the developmental processes (nature), whereas from day four on proliferation seems to be mainly dependent on the odour environment (nurture). We found at least two phases of Kenyon cell proliferation in the early adult beetle. We reliably labelled the progenies of the adult persisting mushroom body neuroblasts and determined the proliferation rate under several olfactory conditions within the first week after adult eclosion. In our study, we focus on cell proliferation in the adult mushroom bodies of T. Several studies showed adult persisting neurogenesis in insects, including the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, while it is absent in honeybees, carpenter ants, and vinegar flies.
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